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The Command/Service Module (CSM) was one of two spacecraft, along with the Lunar Module, used for the United States Apollo program which landed astronauts on the Moon. It was built for NASA by North American Aviation. It was launched by itself into suborbital and low Earth orbit test missions with the Saturn IB launch vehicle, and three times by itself and nine times with the Lunar Module on the larger Saturn V launch vehicle, which was capable of sending it to the Moon.

After the Apollo lunar program, the CSM saw manned service as a crew shuttle for the Skylab program, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project in which an American crew rendezvoused and docked with a Soviet Soyuz spacecraft in Earth orbit.

The CSM consisted of two segments: the Command Module, a cabin which housed a crew of three and equipment needed for re-entry and splashdown; and a Service Module that provided propulsion, electrical power and storage for various consumables required during a mission. The Service Module was cast off and allowed to burn up in the atmosphere before the Command Module re-entered and brought the crew home.

The Buran spacecraft (Russian: Бура́н, IPA: [bʊˈran], Snowstorm or Blizzard), GRAU index 11F35 K1, was the only completed and operational vehicle from the Soviet Buran program. The Buran completed one unmanned spaceflight in 1988 before the cancellation of the program in 1993. The Buran was subsequently destroyed by a hangar collapse in 2002.

Energia (Russian: Энергия, Energiya, "Energy") was a Soviet rocket that was designed by NPO Energia to serve as a heavy-lift expendable launch system as well as a booster for the Buran Space Shuttle. Control system main developer enterprise was the NPO "Electropribor".[3][4] The Energia used four strap-on boosters powered by a four-chamber RD-170 engine burning with kerosene/LOX, and a central core stage with 4 one-chamber RD-0120 (11D122) engines fueled with liquid hydrogen/LOX.[5]

The launch system had two functionally different operational variants: Energia-Polyus, the initial test configuration, in which the Polyus system was used as a final stage to put the payload into orbit, and Energia-Buran,[6] in which the Buran spacecraft was the payload.

The rocket had the capacity to place about 100 metric tons in Low Earth orbit, up to 20 t to the geostationary orbit and up to 32 t to the lunar mission trajectory.[1]

The Polyus spacecraft (Russian: Полюс, pole), also known as Polus, Skif-DM, GRAU index 17F19DM, was a prototype orbital weapons platform designed to destroy SDI satellites with a megawatt carbon-dioxide laser[1]. It had a Functional Cargo Block (similar to the Zarya FGB that became the first component of the International Space Station) space resupply tug, derived from a TKS spacecraft, attached to control its orbit. It also could launch test targets to validate the fire control system.

Polyus was launched May 15, 1987 from Baikonur Cosmodrome Site 250 as part of the first flight of the Energia system,[2] but failed to reach orbit.

The Salyut program (Russian: Салю́т, IPA: [sɐˈlʲut], Salute or Fireworks) was the first space station program undertaken by the Soviet Union, which consisted of a series of nine single-module space stations launched over a period of eleven years from 1971 to 1982. Intended as a project to carry out long-term research into the problems of living in space and a variety of astronomical, biological and Earth-resources experiments, the program allowed space station technology to evolve from the engineering development stage to long-term research outposts in space.

Ultimately, experience gained from the Salyut stations went on to pave the way for multimodular space stations such as Mir and the International Space Station, with each of those stations possessing a Salyut-derived core module at its heart.

The Mars Habitat Unit forms a part of the Mars Direct humans-to-Mars mission concept first developed by Doctor Robert Zubrin and David Baker in the early 1990s.

It is a vehicle designed to carry a crew of 4 to 6 to Mars, and form their home / laboratory during 18-months on the surface of the planet. It is used in conjunction with the Earth Return Vehicle

STS-26 Payload (TDR-C) / to fly back, 29th Space Shuttle Discovery Return to the mission in September 1988 after the Challenger disaster was created. Completed replacement of cargo Challenger, lost C-TDR and the TDR was used in another. This task is somewhat improved, was the main, re-design of the SRB casings, in addition, the third O-ring. astronauts wore suits and start printing.

Secondary payload experiment was OASIS (Orbiter Experiments Autonomous instrumentation support system - 1), a variety of ecological measurements under the various phases of flight Orbiter. Several others were in the middle deck payload.

Discovery landed on October 3, 1988 at Edwards Air Force Base.